@Article{CostaNoOkScSiCa:2022:ApGlOc,
               author = "Costa, Mabel Calim and Nobre, Paulo and Oke, Peter and Schiller, 
                         Andreas and Siqueira, Leo San Pedro and Castel{\~a}o, Guilherme 
                         Pimenta",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {CSIRO -Oceans and 
                         Atmosphere} and {CSIRO -Oceans and Atmosphere} and {University of 
                         Miami} and {Scripps Institution of Oceanography}",
                title = "The Spectral Diagram as a new tool for model assessment in the 
                         frequency domain: Application to a global ocean general 
                         circulation model with tides",
              journal = "Computers and Geosciences",
                 year = "2022",
               volume = "159",
                pages = "e104977",
                month = "Feb.",
             keywords = "Global ocean modelling, Model evaluation, Ocean tides, Spectral 
                         diagrams.",
             abstract = "Here we introduce a new tool, the Spectral Diagram (SD), for the 
                         comparison of time series in the frequency domain. The SD provides 
                         a novel way to display the coherence function, power, amplitude, 
                         phase, and skill score of discrete frequencies of two time series. 
                         Each SD summarises these quantities in a single plot for multiple 
                         targeted frequencies. The versatility of SDs is demonstrated 
                         through a series of sea-level comparisons between observations 
                         from tide gauges and the model results from a global 
                         eddy-permitting ocean general circulation model (MOM5) with 
                         explicit tidal forcing. Phase information for the eight principal 
                         lunisolar constituents (M2, S2, N2, K2, K1, O1, P1, Q1) is added 
                         to the default configuration of MOM5. Inaccurate estimation of 
                         phase information is an important source of barotropic errors in 
                         ocean modelling, thereby compromising the skill scores in regions 
                         where amplitudes are close to the tidal gauge datasets. The 
                         greatest contribution of SD analysis is the indication that some 
                         diurnal estimates can be improved by adjusting the phase lag in 
                         the model as severe underestimation of semidiurnal amplitudes is 
                         the main reason for lower skill scores despite higher coherence. 
                         Although the SD has been designed for tidal analysis, it is a 
                         powerful tool for detecting co-oscillating patterns in multi-scale 
                         analyses, and this approach might provide guidance in devising 
                         skill scores for inter-comparing model results.",
                  doi = "10.1016/j.cageo.2021.104977",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2021.104977",
                 issn = "0098-3004",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "costa_spectral_2022.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "03 maio 2024"
}